The third consecutive weekend of the social mobilisation and demonstrations in France brought together some 320,000 participants, including 70,000 in Paris, according to the Interior Ministry.

This is a lower figure than on previous days of mobilisation: the government counted 410,000 participants on Saturday 24 October, compared with 550,000 on 17 October. The organisers, for their part, said they had counted 800,000 demonstrators on each of those two days.

The lower participation could in particular be explained by disruption to public transport. In Lyon, our reporter Jean-Philippe Liabot noted that "the trams and metro trains are only running at half". In Paris, more than 40 metro stations are closed, and tram traffic is also affected.

Earlier in the day, the Interior Ministry reported a situation that was "generally calm", "without any notable incident". By 2 p.m., 27 arrests had been recorded, compared with 217 at the same time during the 24 October mobilisation.

Authorities put in place measures to limit disorder

But the authorities fear that Halloween evening could be used as a "pretext" for clashes in the streets, as marches start to disperse in some major cities.

In Lyon, our reporter observed the use of tear gas as the demonstration arrived at Place Jean-Macé, in the 7th district.

"The security forces will show the greatest firmness towards those responsible for violence and damage," the Interior Ministry warned.

The rallies began last month as a high school student movement protesting neglected buildings, teacher shortages and a university admissions system seen as unfair to disadvantaged students. Labour unions and others angry at President Emmanuel Macron have since joined with varied demands.

Most protesters have been peaceful, but troublemakers routinely target police with fireworks and projectiles. Some protests have turned into rioting and looting, including the 17 October unrest that appeared to take the government by surprise.

Police have responded with tear gas, dispersion grenades, water cannons and other tactics that have caused severe injuries.

Macron said Saturday’s marches would stay out of city centres to protect shops. Police barred entry to Place de la République and Les Halles from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m.

This Saturday and Sunday, unaccompanied minors face a 9 p.m. curfew around the Champs-Élysées, although a Paris court on Wednesday suspended an earlier curfew on minors as a serious and illegal infringement of freedom of movement.

Demonstrations held in Germany, Italy and Spain

The protests against social issues, housing and education have spread across many cities in Europe

In Germany, a youthinitiative called “Gen Z regelt", roughly “Gen Z’s got this", has rallied in many cities for education, health, climate protection and an affordable life, and against any return of military conscription.

Organisers said more than 180,000 people had signed up online, but only several thousand had marched by Saturday afternoon.

On Saturday, young protesters also gathered at Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate, demanding more investment in education and housing.

In The Hague, Netherlands, Dutch police were out in force around the downtown shopping area after online calls to protest and fears of rioting and looting.

By mid-afternoon there was little sign of protests and no major disturbances. Local media reported that police frisked some groups of black-clad youths and checked their identities.

Many stores were boarded up while in Italy, police were on alert after clashes in Milan, Turin and Bologna.

In Barcelona, Catalan police planned to activate their highest-level alert after an anonymous TikTok network called Blocus urged new gatherings. Rioting there last Saturday led to about 130 arrests, mostly of minors.

Calls to protest also circulated on TikTok in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland and Portugal.