• The results pointed to a strong gut-pain connection — Animals with TMJ pain experienced significant drops in butyrate levels in their feces, blood, and nervous system tissues. At the same time, they became more sensitive to pain. When researchers gave tributyrin, a compound that releases butyrate after digestion, pain sensitivity improved significantly.

Pain improved after just 10 days of treatment. This finding suggests that changes in the gut microbiome may influence pain intensity rather than simply accompanying it — at least in animal models. Researchers also observed that tributyrin had no effect on the unaffected side, suggesting the improvement was linked specifically to the pain condition rather than a general numbing effect.

• Thousands of cellular changes were detected — Researchers examined a major pain relay center inside the brainstem. This structure, called the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis, acts like a control station for facial pain signals. When pain messages arrive from the jaw, they pass through this area before traveling to other parts of the brain. The researchers wanted to know whether butyrate altered what was happening inside this pain-processing hub.

Using advanced single-cell sequencing technology — a technique that reads the genetic activity of each cell one at a time, instead of averaging thousands together and missing the details — they analyzed more than 22,000 individual cells from the pain-processing center.

They found widespread changes in pain-signaling neurons, immune cells, and support cells that help regulate how the nervous system functions. After butyrate treatment, many of these abnormal cellular patterns reversed, suggesting that butyrate helped restore a healthier balance across multiple pain-related pathways rather than targeting just one cell type.

• Butyrate was associated with shifts in pain-related gene activity — Five key genes became disrupted during TMJ pain and then moved back toward normal after tributyrin treatment. These genes act like biological control switches that help cells respond to stress, injury, and pain signals. The changes appeared across several types of nerve and support cells, suggesting that TMJ pain affects an entire network of cells involved in transmitting and regulating pain rather than a single pathway.

Butyrate was also associated with restoration of a key process that controls how genes are turned on and off. TMJ pain reduced histone acetylation, a mechanism that helps cells regulate gene activity. Histones are the spools that DNA wraps around, and how tightly it's wound determines which genes a cell can read. You can think of histone acetylation as a dimmer switch that controls how strongly certain genes are expressed.

When this process was disrupted, pain-related cellular activity became altered. After tributyrin treatment, histone acetylation levels shifted toward normal, which may have helped reduce many of the abnormal cellular changes associated with chronic pain. Researchers believe this is one reason butyrate influenced the underlying biology that sustains pain rather than simply blocking pain signals.

• The implications reach beyond TMJ disorders — Butyrate has been studied in the context of inflammation and pain regulation in other research settings. The findings suggest that gut-derived metabolites could become targets for future pain therapies that work differently from conventional pain medications.

• Certain gut bacteria appear to influence TMD risk directly — Some bacterial groups were associated with a higher likelihood of developing TMD, while others were linked to a lower likelihood. This suggests that the gut microbiome is not simply reacting to disease. Specific microbial populations appear to play an active role in the biological processes that influence jaw pain and dysfunction.

• Three bacterial groups were associated with greater TMD risk — Catenibacterium emerged as the strongest risk factor identified in the study. Higher levels of this bacterium were associated with a significantly greater likelihood of developing TMD. Two other bacterial groups, Coprobacter and the Eubacterium fissicatena group, were also linked to increased risk.

These findings give researchers specific microbial targets to investigate rather than treating the microbiome as a single, uniform system.

• Several bacterial groups appeared to protect against TMD — Individuals with higher levels of Senegalimassilia, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, and Oxalobacter were less likely to develop the disorder. While most people don't need to remember those names, the larger message is important: some gut bacteria appear to support biological conditions that help resist pain, inflammation, and dysfunction, while others appear to do the opposite.

• Researchers believe compounds produced by gut bacteria help explain these effects — One of the leading candidates is butyrate, as it helps regulate inflammation, immune activity, and communication between the gut and nervous system. Changes in gut bacteria alter the production of butyrate and other microbial compounds, providing a possible explanation for how events inside the digestive tract influence pain pathways elsewhere in the body.

• The study expands how researchers think about chronic jaw disorders — Rather than viewing TMD as a problem isolated to the jaw joint, the findings suggest that whole-body factors influence disease risk. Genetic tendencies that shape the gut microbiome were associated with measurable differences in TMD development.

This opens the door to future approaches that focus on supporting protective bacterial populations and improving gut health as part of a broader strategy for reducing chronic jaw pain.

1. Feed the bacteria associated with lower TMJ risk — One of the best ways to support a healthier microbiome is to give beneficial bacteria the foods they need to thrive. Start with gentle, well-tolerated sources of resistant starch — cooked-and-cooled white rice and potatoes, plus ripe fruit. Cooling cooked starches converts some of them into resistant starch, one of the best fuels your bacteria use to make butyrate.

As your digestion improves, gradually add prebiotic-rich foods such as onions, garlic, asparagus, carrots, broccoli, and cooked oats. These foods provide nourishment for the microbes that produce beneficial compounds involved in immune regulation and healthy pain signaling.

2. Increase butyrate production from the inside out — The first study found that lower butyrate levels were associated with TMJ pain, while restoring butyrate helped reverse several pain-related changes.⁴* Rather than focusing solely on supplements, focus first on creating the conditions that allow your own gut bacteria to produce more butyrate naturally.

Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kimchi, and kefir help support microbial diversity, while grass fed butter, ghee, and aged cheeses provide small amounts of butyric acid directly. Introduce fermented foods slowly and pay attention to how your body responds.

If your gut has been disrupted for years, or if you struggle with chronic digestive problems, inflammation, or frequent antibiotic exposure, a butyrate supplement may serve as a temporary bridge while you rebuild a healthier microbiome. Food and microbial restoration remain the long-term goal because your gut bacteria are designed to manufacture butyrate for you.

Most butyrate supplements release too early in the digestive tract, so formulations designed to deliver butyrate throughout the colon are generally preferred.

3. Remove the foods that disrupt microbial balance — One of the fastest ways to undermine butyrate production is to continue feeding the conditions that damage your gut ecosystem. Seed oils such as soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower, and canola oil promote inflammation and microbial disruption.

Research supports replacing them with more stable fats such as grass fed butter, ghee, tallow, and coconut oil. This step helps create an environment where beneficial bacteria can recover and thrive.

4. Support the daily habits that strengthen your gut-brain connection — Your microbiome responds to much more than food. Consistent sleep, daily movement, and stress management all influence the production of beneficial microbial compounds, including butyrate. Walking after meals supports digestion and microbial diversity.

Quality sleep helps maintain a healthier microbial balance, while chronic stress pushes your microbiome in the opposite direction. Small daily habits performed consistently often produce the biggest long-term gains.

5. Retrain the muscles that control your jaw — Gut health is only one side of the equation. If you struggle with jaw clicking, clenching, mouth breathing, poor tongue posture, or chronic tension in your face and neck, orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) is worth considering. OMT uses simple exercises to retrain the muscles of your tongue, lips, cheeks, and jaw so they work together more efficiently. Think of it as physical therapy for the muscles that support proper jaw function.

Better muscle coordination reduces unnecessary strain on your temporomandibular joint and helps address another root cause of chronic TMJ symptoms. Combined with strategies that support a healthier microbiome and higher butyrate production, OMT helps improve the mechanical side of the problem rather than simply masking discomfort.